Pathology of the Cardiovascular System
نویسنده
چکیده
General considerations: The heart is the first organ to form in the embryo. In mammalians and birds it consists of 4 chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles). The heart functions to maintain adequate blood flow (cardiac output) with the purpose of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste metabolic products. The systemic circulation returns non-oxygenated blood to the right atrium via the vena cava, passes to the right ventricle and from here is pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary (pulmonic) arteries. The oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins and finally the blood is pumped to the systemic circulation by the left ventricle. The heart is composed of three layers: pericardium (epicardium), myocardium (heart muscle) and endocardium.
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تاریخ انتشار 2017